Eating Almonds Before a Meal to Control Blood Sugar

Inclusion Criteria

• Adults aged 25-50 years
• Females over 40 years must have had a cycle in the last 6 months
• Body mass index (BMI) at least 18.5 and at most 55.0 kg/m2
• Impaired blood glucose by at least one of the following criteria:
• Fasting blood glucose at least 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L) and less than 125 mg/dL (6.9 mmol/L)
• HbA1c at least 5.7% and less than 6.5%
• Willing and able to comply with study foods
• Willing and able to ingest acetaminophen as part of study procedures
• Able to read, speak, and understand English

Exclusion Criteria

• Weight change ≥5% in past 6 months, actively trying to lose weight, or unwilling to remain weight stable throughout the study based on self-report
• Recent history within past 12 months of medical provider-diagnosed cardiovascular, renal, or liver disease that required treatment
• Current or past diagnosis of cancer (except skin cancer) in the last 5 years
• Current or past diagnosis of type 1 or type 2 diabetes
• Recent history within past 12 months of medical provider-diagnosed gastrointestinal or neurological disorders if not managed/stable for at least 3 months (with or without treatment)
• Recent history within past 12 months of medical provider-diagnosed psychiatric disorders including eating disorders or severe depression if not managed/stable for at least 3 months (with or without treatment)
• Food allergies or other reasons preventing consumption of study foods
• Any glucose-lowering medication except biguanides (e.g., Metformin) if stable for at least 3 months or incretins (i.e., GLP-1RA-based) if stable for at least 3 months
• Current smoking or vaping or history of smoking or vaping in the past 6 months
• Binge and/or heavy drinking (i.e., >3 drinks on any given occasion and/or >7 drinks/week)
• Currently pregnant or planning to become pregnant or breastfeed in the next 3 months by self-report