Effect of a Dietary Supplement Versus Placebo on Serum PFAS Levels in Male Firefighters

Inclusion Criteria

• Able to give written informed consent
• Male firefighter with previous career exposure to PFAS
• BMI between 18.5 and 35 kg/m²
• Serum PFOS level ≥5 ng/mL at screening
• Willing to consume the study product daily for the duration of the study

Exclusion Criteria

• History of drug and/or alcohol abuse (>15 standard drinks per week)
• Food allergy, intolerance or dietary restriction that, in the opinion of the investigator, would preclude consumption of the study product
• Blood donation within the past 3 months
• Current smoker of >20 cigarettes per day, or former smoker with a history of ≥20 cigarettes per day who quit within 6 months prior to Visit 1
• Any significant acute or chronic health condition that would prevent participation, pose a risk, or confound interpretation of results, including: diagnosed gastrointestinal disorders (irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, coeliac disease, or other chronic diarrhoeal disorders); uncontrolled medical conditions; history of chronic kidney or liver disease; chronic inflammatory or autoimmune disease; history of gastrointestinal surgery; hospitalisation within the past 3 months
• Current or recent (past 12 weeks) use of medications affecting bile acid metabolism (e.g. bile acid sequestrants, fibrates) or antibiotics
• Current or recent (past 4 weeks) use of supplements affecting gut microbiota (prebiotics, probiotics, postbiotics, fibres, synbiotics), detoxification pathways (milk thistle, N-acetylcysteine, glutathione) or bile acid metabolism (e.g. psyllium husk)
• Current or recent (past 2 weeks) consumption of prohibited foods, including probiotic yoghurts
• Considered by the investigator unlikely to comply with study requirements
• Current participation in another clinical study, or insufficient time elapsed since a previous experimental study