Spatial-Motor Stroke-Rehab Study

Inclusion Criteria

Young Adults Able Bodied (YAB) Individuals

• 18-30 years
• Able-Bodied (healthy without any physical disability or neurological disorder)

Older Adults Able-Bodied Individuals (OAB)

• 45-90 years
• Able-Bodied (healthy without any physical disability or neurological disorder)

Individuals with right hemisphere stroke (40-90 years)

• >3 months following stroke.
• Presence of Aiming SN
• Ability to walk >10m with or without assistive devices.
• Unilateral left-sided hemiparesis with gross arm strength of ≤ grade 4/5 on the Medical Research Council Scale
• Ability to follow 3-stage commands and provide informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria

Young Adults Able-Bodied (YAB) Individuals and Older Adults Able-Bodied Individuals (OAB)

• History or evidence of orthopedic or physical disability
• History or evidence of neurological pathology
• Pregnancy (female)
• Uncontrolled hypertension
• Cardiac pacemaker or other implanted electronic system
• Presence of skin conditions preventing the electrical stimulation setup
• Impaired sensation in the left upper limb.
• Bruises or cuts at the stimulation electrode placement site
• Concurrent enrollment in rehabilitation or another investigational study.
• History or evidence of orthopedic or physical disability interfering with study procedures
• History or evidence of neurological pathology or disorder
• Severe uncontrolled medical problems (e.g., hypertension, cardiovascular disease, rheumatoid arthritis, active cancer or renal disease, epilepsy) that may interfere with study procedures
• Contraindications to TMS, such as metal implants, medications that can increase cortical excitability, and unexplained dizziness in the past 6 months

Individuals with right hemisphere stroke (40-90 years)

• History or brainstem strokes
• Cerebellar disorders
• Impaired sensation in the left upper limb.
• History of other neurological disorders
• Uncontrolled hypertension
• Cardiac pacemaker or other implanted electronic system
• Pregnancy (female)
• Presence of skin condition
• Bruises at the electrode placement site
• Severe uncontrolled medical problems (e.g., hypertension, cardiovascular disease, rheumatoid arthritis, active cancer or renal disease, epilepsy) or other medical conditions that can interfere with study procedures
• Contraindications to TMS, such as metal implants in the brain, medications that will increase cortical excitability, etc.