Dairy Choline Bioavailability

Inclusion Criteria

• Ages between 51 and 70
• Is currently post-menopausal (Post-menopausal is a term used to describe the time in a woman's life after she has gone through menopause. This usually happens between the ages of 45 and 55. Menopause is when a woman's menstrual periods stop permanently (at least 12 months))
• Not allergic to the intervention foods and allergens that are related to the production of intervention foods (e.g. dairy products, egg, fish, peanut, shellfish, soy, tree nuts, wheat, crustaceans, gluten, mollusks, mustard, sesame seeds.)
• Had stable body weight (± 5%) for the past 6 months
• Free from cancer
• Did not have weight loss surgery, colon surgery
• Do not have chronic kidney diseases
• Do not have malabsorption towards fat and dairy products
• Willing to complete health surveys
• Willing to complete two 4-day food diaries
• Willing to consume the intervention smoothies
• Willing to provide blood, urine, fecal samples at baseline and after 10 days of intervention

Exclusion Criteria

• On weight loss/weight gain diets
• Diagnosed with fat malabsorption
• Undergoing weight loss surgery
• Diagnosed with chronic kidney diseases
• Allergic to the intervention foods and allergens that are related to the production of intervention foods (e.g. dairy products, egg, chocolate, fish, peanut, shellfish, soy, tree nuts, wheat, crustaceans, gluten, mollusks, mustard, sesame seeds, banana, strawberry, raspberry, blackberry, blueberry.)
• Regularly using antibiotics or probiotics or prebiotics
• Regularly using weight-loss drugs (GLP-1, Orlistat, Cetilistat, etc.)
• Regularly using laxatives
• Unable to avoid strenuous exercise during the study (>4 h vigorous exercise per day)