Determinants of Insulin Sensitivity by Age, Sex, Race/Ethnicity, BMI, and PCOS Diagnosis

Inclusion Criteria Age: Participants aged 18+ years Sex: Both males and females Race/Ethnicity: Participants from diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds BMI: Participants across a range of body mass index (BMI) values PCOS Diagnosis: Participants with and without a confirmed diagnosis of PCOS based on established diagnostic criteria

Participants must have completed metabolic testing within one month prior to enrollment, including:

• Fasting insulin
• Hemoglobin A1c (A1c)
• Complete lipid panel
• Triglycerides Laboratory testing must be completed through a healthcare provider, an independent laboratory, or by using an Insara Insulin Testing Kit Laboratory values must be obtained following a minimum 8-hour fast Participants must have complete laboratory data for all required measures

Exclusion Criteria Age: Participants below 18 years Sex: None. Both males and females are included Race/Ethnicity: None. Participants from all racial and ethnic backgrounds are included Endocrine Disorders: Participants with other endocrine disorders affecting insulin levels (e.g., insulin-secreting tumors) Significant recent weight change: Loss of more than 5% of body weight within the previous month Pregnancy or breastfeeding Acute illness or infection within the past 2 weeks Use of medications known to significantly affect insulin or glucose metabolism will be recorded and accounted for in analysis