Growth Hormone Resistance of Beta-cells in People With a Family History of Type 2 Diabetes

Inclusion Criteria

• 18 to 59 years old
• body mass index ≥30.0 kg/m2 and \<45.0 kg/m2

Additional, group-specific inclusion criteria:

• Family history of type 2 diabetes: first degree relative with type 2 diabetes
• Control group: no family history of type 2 diabetes

Exclusion Criteria

• Pregnant, planning to become pregnant during the study, or breastfeeding
• Current diagnosis or history of type 1 or type 2 diabetes
• Use of medications that can impact the study outcomes (e.g., GLP-1 receptor agonists)
• History of bariatric surgery
• Known, uncontrolled hypothyroidism
• History of intracranial hypertension, including papilledema, or a condition that increases the risk of developing intracranial hypertension, such as Turner Syndrome, Prader-Willi Syndrome, or renal impairment
• Current cancer or cancer that has been in remission less than 5 years
• First degree relative with type 1 diabetes diagnosis
• Evidence of significant anemia or significant end organ dysfunction (e.g., liver, kidney, heart disease)
• Alcohol use disorder, use of controlled substances, or smoking >2 cigarettes per day
• Greater than 3% weight loss within three months of screening or engaged in regular (≥3 days per week), continuous moderate- or high-intensity exercise of ≥30 min duration
• Mentally disabled persons, prisoners, and persons with inability to grant voluntary informed consent