Sleep and Metabolism

Inclusion Criteria

• Between 18 and 40 years of age
• Drug free
• Established disease-free status

Exclusion Criteria

• Dietary restrictions

Participants must not have dietary restrictions that could systematically bias their macronutrient intake. The following will exclude participants from enrolling in the study based on their diet:

• Participants who choose not to or cannot consume dairy products (milk, yogurt, cheese, ice cream)
• Body Composition

A body mass index (BMI) of 18.5\< [BMI] \< 25 kg/m2 and a waist circumference \<94/80cm.

• Psychiatric/psychological suitability

Each participant will undergo a structured interview (Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview) with a qualified OHSU physician. This physician will supervise the administration and scoring of a Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) questionnaire for each potential participant. The following will exclude individuals from participating based on their psychiatric or psychological evaluation:

• Individuals with evidence of psychopathology on the BDI-II, or in a structured clinical interview with the physician
• A history of severe psychiatric illnesses
• Alcoholism
• Drug dependency
• Major depression
• Manic depressive illness
• Schizophrenic disorders
• Panic disorder
• Generalized anxiety disorder
• Post-traumatic stress disorder
• Agoraphobia
• Claustrophobia
• Paranoid personality disorder
• Schizoid personality disorder
• Schizotypal personality disorder
• Borderline personality disorder
• Antisocial personality disorder.
• History of using antidepressant medication
• History of using neuroleptic medication
• History of using tranquilizers
• Drug/alcohol use

Volunteers must be drug-free (including caffeine, nicotine, alcohol and herbal medications) for the entire duration of the outpatient and in-laboratory study period, with no history of drug or alcohol dependency. All participants must be:

• Current non-smokers, and are required to have a history of less than 5 'pack years' of smoking
• Medication/drug use

Volunteers must not be taking any prescribed medications or over the counter medications, with an exception for birth control.

• Prior shift work

For stability of endogenous circadian rhythmicity, volunteers must have no history of the following 1 year prior to the study:

• Working irregular day and night hours
• Regular night work
• Rotating shift work f
• Not have traveled more than 1 time zone during 3 months prior to the study
• Chronobiologic and sleep disorders

• Hypernychthemeral sleep/wake cycle
• Delayed sleep phase syndrome (wake time > 2 hours later than desired or habitually after 10:00 AM)
• Advanced sleep phase syndrome (wake time > 2 h earlier than desired or habitually before 5:00 AM)
• Narcolepsy
• Sleep apnea (apnea index >15)
• Insomnia (sleep complaint by history or polygraphically recorded sleep efficiency \< 80%)
• Hypersomnia
• Periodic Limb Movement (PLMS) (PLMS index >15)
• Nocturnal Paroxysmal Dystonia
• REM-sleep behavior disorder
• Nocturnal Enuresis; (self-report and first night in the laboratory)
• Obstructive sleep apnea (apnea/hypopnea index >5/h as determined by at-home monitoring)
• The investigators will also exclude individuals with extreme chronotype using the Horne-Ostberg Morningness/Eveningness questionnaire (i.e., the Owl/Lark Questionnaire)
• Diseases of the Cardiovascular System

• Hypertension (systolic blood pressure > 140 or diastolic blood pressure > 90)
• Heart failure
• Cardiomyopathy
• Cor pulmonale
• Ischemic heart disease
• Valvular heart disease
• History of heart transplantation
• Cardiac tumors
• Pericardial disease
• Metabolic Syndrome

Following American Heart Association cutoffs, participants who have, in addition to abdominal fat (obese exclusion criteria), two or more of these factors will be excluded from the study:

• HDL cholesterol of less than 40 mg/dL in men or less than 50 mg/dL in women
• Systolic blood pressure >135 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure >85 mmHg
• Fasting blood glucose ≥ 100 mg/dL
• Triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dL
• Pre-Diabetes/Diabetes

For participants who have a fasting blood glucose level of ≥ 100 mg/dL the investigators will measure hemoglobin A1c to exclude for diabetes (HbA1c>5.7%).

• Hypertension

An upper cut off of 140/90 mmHg during an office blood pressure measure will be used as an exclusion criterion. After 5 minutes of rest in a seated position, blood pressure will be measured 3 times, taken 1 minute apart. The average will be used to confirm eligibility criteria. Current or history of beta blocker use will also be exclusionary.

• Disorders of the Respiratory System

• Asthma
• Cystic fibroses
• Chronic bronchitis
• Emphysema
• Airway obstruction
• Interstitial lung diseases
• Pulmonary hypertension
• Lung neoplasms
• ARDS
• Disorders of the Kidney and Urinary Tract

• Acute or chronic renal failure
• History of renal transplantation
• Tubulointerstitial diseases of the kidney
• Urinary tract obstruction
• Tumors of the urinary tract
• Infectious Diseases

• Infective endocarditis
• HIV infection
• Sexually transmitted diseases [e.g., syphilis (including congenital syphilis and its sequelae), gonorrhea],
• Urinary tract infection
• Osteomyelitis
• Brucellosis
• Toxoplasmosis,
• Tuberculosis
• Leptospirosis
• Lyme disease
• Mononucleosis
• Hepatitis
• Parasitic infections such as malaria, toxoplasmosis, giardiasis, schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis
• Disorders of the Gastrointestinal System

• Esophagitis
• Peptic ulcer and gastritis
• Neoplasms of the esophagus, stomach or bowel
• Disorders of absorption
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Diseases of the small and large intestine
• Acute appendicitis
• Cirrhosis or neoplasms of the liver
• History of liver transplantation
• Diseases of the gallbladder and bile ducts
• Pancreatic disease
• Disorders of the Immune System, Connective Tissue and Joints

• AIDS
• Systemic lupus erythematosus
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Scleroderma
• Ankylosing spondylitis
• Vasculitis
• Sarcoidosis
• Disorders of the Hematopoietic System

• Anemia
• Leukemia
• Myeloproliferative diseases
• History of bone marrow transplantation
• Neoplastic Diseases

• Lymphoma
• Carcinoma
• Melanoma
• Any other neoplastic diseases
• Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases

• Thyroid disease
• Addison's Disease
• Cushing's Syndrome
• Aldosteronism
• Hypoaldosteronism
• Pheochromocytoma
• Disorders of sexual differentiation that require hormone supplementation that may alter body weight
• Disorders of neuroendocrine regulation
• Diseases of the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus
• Hemochromatosis porphyria
• Wilson's Disease
• Glycogen storage diseases
• Diseases of the parathyroid gland
• Metabolic bone disease
• Disorders of phosphorus or magnesium metabolism
• Paget's Disease
• Neurologic Disorders

• Epilepsy and disorders of consciousness
• Dementia
• Amnesic disorders
• Neoplastic diseases of the central nervous system
• Demyelinating diseases
• Parkinson's Disease
• Muscular dystrophy
• Myasthenia gravis
• Periodic paralysis
• Dermatomyositis
• Polymyositis
• Infections of the nervous system
• Stroke
• History of transient ischemic attacks
• Hydrocephalus
• Tumors of the pituitary gland
• Pinealoma
• Intervertebral disc disease
• Ataxia
• Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome
• Huntington's Disease
• Tardive dyskinesia
• History of recurrent migraine headaches
• Neuromuscular disease.
• Subjects must not be currently participating in another research study that would influence their safe participation in our study. Subjects must not be participating in a research study in which they do the following:

• Ingest experimental medication
• Give blood samples