Macrophage Regulation of Ozone-Induced Lung Inflammation

Inclusion Criteria

• Individuals between 18-55 yrs. of age (No subject will be excluded from the study on the basis of gender or ethnicity)
• Individuals with knowledge of prior respiratory viral infection history allowing them to be segregated into one of three cohorts

• Cohort 1 - No history of respiratory viral infection (defined as no symptoms consistent with respiratory viral infection nor history of a positive respiratory viral test)
• Cohort 2 - Documented mild respiratory viral infection (a positive test, either PCR- or antigen-based) but with mild to no symptoms and no evidence of a lower respiratory tract infection (including no hospitalization, and no oxygen use)
• Cohort 3 - History of respiratory viral infection and symptoms/imaging consistent with a lower respiratory tract infection who have recovered, are >6 months out from their infection, and have normal lung function (spirometry with FVC, FEV1 and FEV1/FVC)

• There will be no maximal period from respiratory viral infection for inclusion in the study, the minimal period will be >6 months out from infection

Exclusion Criteria

• Individuals with prior respiratory viral pneumonia who have ongoing respiratory symptoms, are still using supplemental oxygen, or have abnormal lung function
• Current smokers of tobacco products including e-cigarettes or those with previous smoking history within the prior 5 years
• Pregnant women and women who are presently lactating.
• Subjects that have received antibiotic administration or an upper respiratory infection within the previous 4 weeks
• College and graduate students or employees who are under direct supervision by any of the investigators in this protocol
• Alcohol or illicit substance abuse
• Chronic cardio/pulmonary respiratory disorders or other medical conditions as determined by the investigator
• Increased airway hyperresponsiveness at baseline as measured by a positive methacholine challenge response (methacholine PC20 FEV1 \< 4 mg/ml)
• Subjects will be requested to refrain from antihistamines, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, antioxidants (e.g. beta-carotene, selenium, and lutein) and supplemental vitamins (e.g. C and E), for 1 week prior to, and during testing.